Turbo C for dummies essays

Turbo C for fakers papers ************************************** WELCOME TO TURBO C++ FOR WINDOWS 4.5 ************************************** This README document contains significant data about TURBO C++ FOR WINDOWS 4.5 (TCW). For the most recent data about TCW and its going with programs, read this whole Introducing Turbo C++ on your hard plate Bringing in Project Files from Borland C++ 4.x ObjectComponents Framework (OCF), OLE 2.0, and ObjectWindows 2.5 Enlisting investigating adaptations of OLE servers under TCW New document in WINDOWSSYSTEM catalog New instruments for enrolling OLE servers and computerization controllers Troubleshooting OLE applications under Windows NT OLE blunder codes OLE2 applications OLE execution under Windows NT OLE2 compiler alternatives VBX Controls Included with TCW OpenHelp with TASM Impediment in DOCVIEW.IDE DDVT capacities and RTTI Inline gathering and hinders Making 16-piece import libraries from .DEF documents IDE/Integrated Debugging InProc servers and the IDE Running from a Windows 3.1 DOS Prompt Changing over TCW 3.1 to TCW 4.5 code C/C++ Language Features ********************************************* ********************************************* In the event that you have any issues, if it's not too much trouble read this record, the HELPME.WRI and different documents in your DOC subdirectory, and ********************************************* ********************************************* Try not to introduce TCW 4.5 over recently introduced TCW indexes. The documents in this conveyance won't... <!

The Four Essential Elements of Teams Free Essays

In this period of quickly evolving innovation, advertise driven dynamic, client complexity, and representative anxiety, pioneers and supervisors are confronted with new difficulties. Associations must form new structures and ace new aptitudes so as to contend and endure. As work settings become progressively unpredictable and include expanded quantities of relational connections, singular exertion has less effect. We will compose a custom paper test on The Four Essential Elements of Teams or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now So as to build proficiency and adequacy, a collective endeavor is required. The production of groups has become a key procedure in numerous associations. Group building is a fundamental component in supporting and improving the adequacy of little gatherings and teams and should be a key piece of an all out program of hierarchical change. Hellriegel, Slocum, Woodman (1986) express that group building is utilized to improve the adequacy of work bunches by concentrating on any of the accompanying four purposes: defining objectives and needs, choosing implies a techniques, looking at the manner by which the gathering works, and investigating the nature of working connections. A cycle at that point creates; it starts with the mindfulness or view of an issue and is followed successively by information assortment, information sharing conclusion, activity arranging, activity usage, and conduct assessment. This style is rehashed as new issues are recognized. Not all work bunches are groups. Reilly and Jones (1974) list four basic components of groups: objectives, reliance, responsibility, and responsibility. The individuals must have common objectives or motivation to cooperate; there must be a reliant working relationship; people must be focused on the collective endeavor; and the gathering must be responsible to a more elevated level inside the association. A genuine model is an athletic group, whose individuals share objectives and a general reason. Singular players have explicit assignments they are liable for, however each relies upon the other colleagues to finish their assignments. Absence of responsibility to the collaboration decreases generally speaking adequacy. At last, the group typically works inside the system of a higher association such a class. The general target of a work group is to practice power over authoritative change (practically, this includes expanded dynamic and critical thinking endeavors), albeit a symptom might be to build the efficiency of individual individuals. An essential goal of group building is to expand familiarity with bunch process. Fundamentally, the gathering individuals will figure out how to control change remotely by testing inside. The group building exertion will focus on obstructions to compelling working and the choice of systems to beat these hindrances. Hierarchical disappointments regularly are not an aftereffect of poor administration but rather of poor followership. Hardly any preparation programs instruct how to be a successful individual from a law based gathering. A colleague is one of a gathering of shared adherents. Perception of people working inside groups prompts the accompanying rundown of qualities of an impact colleague. Such an individual: Comprehends and is resolved to bunch objectives; Is well disposed, concerned, and keen on others; Recognizes and stands up to strife transparently; Tunes in to others with comprehension; Remembers others for the dynamic procedure; Perceives and regards singular contrasts; Contributes thoughts and arrangements; Qualities the thoughts and commitments of others; Perceives and rewards collaborations; and Empowers and acknowledges remarks about group execution. These qualities are in consecutive example, exchanging undertaking and relationship practices. This example of practices is the beginning stage for the improvement of compelling group building. Group Building is an arranged change intercession that centers around the elements of a team†s working. The motivation behind group building is to improve the team†s ability to adjust, permit individuals to work at their most beneficial creative levels, and to accomplish the groups objectives. In creating groups there are four distinct stages that must be completely practiced so as to arrive at its strategic accomplishing higher caliber in the work environment. These phases in grouping are: Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing. The initial three phases of group advancement must be finished so as to accomplish stage four. In each phase there are unmistakable practices, emotions and questions which colleagues can understanding. In stage one, Forming, individual relations are impossible to miss by quality. Colleagues rely upon accommodating and imitated conduct and seek the group head for point of view and direction. The conjoint or common sentiments that are utilized in shaping are: Energy, anticipation, and formally dressed idealism. Glad to be chosen as being a piece of the group. Demonstrating restrictive connection to the group. Having questions, concerns and vulnerability about the activity or the errand ahead. The colleagues additionally have questions and comments that they hope to be replied by group engineers, they are: â€Å"Who are on the whole these people?† â€Å"Everyone is by and large so polite.† â€Å"This may be somewhat exciting.† A compelling and effective conduct is normal from the group head. A pioneer should respond to all the inquiries the colleagues have. A pioneer ought to likewise control them through each progression and confirm the normal need of every part. A group will be shaped proficiently. The entirety of the groups thoughts and objectives will have a constructive outcome in the association. The subsequent stage, Norming, is portrayed by union inside the group. Colleagues perceive each other†s positions and benefits and are eager to change their assumptions to accomplish basic assent. The basic emotions that are utilized in Norming are: Colleagues can convey without fearing counter. Colleagues acknowledge their participation to the group. Feeling solace that specific things will go the manner in which they were arranged. Colleagues are more amiable and they share all the more noteworthy sentiments with one another. The inquiries and remarks that are expressed in Norming are: â€Å"How are we going to coexist with each other?† â€Å"What are the standards of membership?† â€Å"Seems like we are all on a similar track finally.† â€Å"We appear to be working progressively brought together, and we attempt to maintain a strategic distance from strife, when possible.† In Norming, the colleagues at long last put the dread of disappointment behind them. They are happy to turn out to be any contention that may happen. Positive and negative criticism turns out to be additionally tolerating inside the group. As input increment, individuals have a superior comprehension of where they stand and become progressively engaged with dynamic. The most effective method to refer to The Four Essential Elements of Teams, Essay models

Building Boundray Seperation Example

Building Boundray Seperation Example Building Boundray Seperation â€" Assignment Example > Part AWhen designing a building, the designer has to factor in multiple unfortunate incidences such as fires that may occur within it. This is because buildings are rarely built in isolation and once there is a fire outbreak in one, it can easily spread to any nearby buildings. The designer therefore has to ensure that such a situation does not occur and in case of fire, it is confined within the walls of one building not only for safety but also for easier management. There are several regulations which govern how the way architects and civil engineers can develop buildings to guarantee the safety of nearby ones. Designing for fire safety is dictated by Part B4 of the Building Regulations (UK Government, 2006, 34). The clause contains all the laws that must be adhered to in order to design a building whose walls and distance from the neighboring structures are capable of confining fires. This paper presents a detailed review of the standard guidance for England and Wales. Where S pace Consideration needs to be madeThe space between buildings is one of the major recommendations included in the building regulations. This is a primary concern for both building designers and owners due to the important role that it plays in fire safety. There are several reasons which determine where space considerations need to be made. According to BR 187, one of these is to factor in the purpose of the building and the risk of fire occurring associated with it. For instance, there are those which are used for housing highly flammable substances and hence in the event of fire it might spread faster. This is something that the designer has to have in mind so as to provide sufficient spacing between it and other buildings to avoid the fire from escalating further. Architects and engineers always have to put in mind the occupants of a building before it is constructed. The spacing between it and adjacent ones has to be such that it is large enough to provide means of escape. Wh en fire erupts in a building, the first priority always has to be facilitating the movement of occupants to a safe place. If inadequate space is not allocated, then a stampede might occur when they are escaping. Furthermore, the occupants may be injured from burns or suffocated by the smoke in such a situation. It is therefore necessary to factor in the approximate number of occupants that will be in the building at any one time when doing the designs. When fire erupts in one or more places within a building, one of the first courses of action that should be taken is to alert firefighting and rescue personnel. This means that the distance separating the affected building and the other ones should be large enough to allow for the easy passage of their vehicles. BS 9999 specifies that the access ways need to be broad to accommodate fire engines as well as ambulances and police vehicles. If this is not the case, they will have a hard time gaining access to the building and hence may be unable to quickly put out the fire or save lives.

Phases of Project Management Cycle - 4209 Words

INTRODUCTION Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing, and managing resources to achieve specific goals. A project is a temporary endeavour with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. Project Management is the skills, tools and management processes required to undertake a project successfully. It incorporates: †¢ A set of skills: Specialist knowledge, skills and experience are required to reduce the level of risk within a project and thereby enhance its likelihood of success. †¢ A suite of tools: Various types of tools are used by†¦show more content†¦A major contributor to this phenomenon is that the cost of changes and error correction generally increases as the project continues. In general, the project life cycle consists of four phases: †¢ Project Initiation †¢ Project Planning †¢ Project Execution †¢ Project Closure In few cases, monitoring and control is taken as a separate phase which comes after the project execution phase. PROJECT INITIATION The first phase of a project is the initiation phase and essentially involves starting up the project. The project is initiated by defining its purpose and scope, the justification for initiating it and the solution to be implemented. This phase also involves recruiting a suitably skilled project team, setting up a project office environment and performing a phase review before proceeding to the next phase of the project management life cycle: project planning. Activities of project initiation The project initiation phase involves the following six key steps: †¢ Develop a business case In most businesses, completing a business case is the first step towards initiating a project. The business case justifies the start-up of the project and describes the - Business problem (or opportunity) that currently exists in the business. - Alternative options for delivering a solution to resolve the problem. -Show MoreRelatedProject Management Paper-Mgt 4371100 Words   |  5 PagesProject Management Paper Manuel Angel Cortez University of Phoenix Project Management Paper Organizations leaders are facing difficult challenges because of the rapid changes in government and technology, which has created pressure in organizations. The aforementioned changes have made way for a new type of management; project management, far different from the traditional structure for managing. This document will describe the definition of a project. The paper will also touch basis on theRead MoreProject Management: An Initiative Toward Development of Employees and the Company1052 Words   |  5 Pages Project Management Paper University of Phoenix MGT/437 Project Management Paper Rapid growth of technology in the marketplace has companies examining ways in which businesses operate on a normal level. Managers face challenges with the task of adapting to a changing surroundings and a different breed of employees. Managers must implement a different approach that will allow them to become accustomed to situations that develop inside and outside of the company (Kerzner, 2006). ProjectRead MoreProject Management Life Cycle1720 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management Life Cycle The Project Management Life Cycle (PMLC) addresses the project management needs for all systems development projects. It is applicable to new system development projects and to maintenance projects for existing systems. What is a Project Management Life Cycle? 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Organizational Influences on Project Management Project life cycle and organisation: The life cycle structure can be broken down into four headings. * Starting the project * Organizing the project * Carrying out the project work * Closing the project The above chart shows time againstRead MoreProject Management Life Cycle1218 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Project Management Life Cycle Chi Zhang Herzing University MBA 631 Operations and Projects Management Dr. Gary Hanney Abstract To control the process of a project and manage the operation of a project, the theory of project management life cycle is widely used in nowadays business administration. Treating the whole time dimension of the project as a life cycle, project management life cycle separates the project to some steps and uses checkpoint, milestone andRead MoreEffective Quality Management And Risk Management874 Words   |  4 PagesIII. Effective Quality Management Although hundreds of management methods are developed, most research considers a non-holistic software quality management (SQM) viewpoint and focuses on development-phase-specific quality assurance (QA) methods and activities. To support SQM, we study effective quality management (EQM) to get acceptance of adequate product quality assurance activities by a minimum set of stakeholders, developers, customers, and users.[1] Value engineering (VE) is a method thatRead MorePMBOK guide defines TM as the â€Å"Use of available time and your own productivity along with the700 Words   |  3 Pagesand your own productivity along with the appropriate planning and management of the project schedule† highlighting the link between Time Management and productivity and its closely knit relationship to scope and cost areas. 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There are companies and organizations that break down all undertakings to projects; however, it must be identified that althoughRead MoreProject Management : The Way A Project1454 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management The way a project is conducted can have a significant impact on the success (PMBOK, 2013, p. 1) and that is why best practices for project management are needed. A project’s goal is to create a product, service, or result, which can be tangible or intangible, but always needs to have a clear beginning and ending (PMBOK, 2013, p. 3). Even though every project is different and unique, all projects are created for long lasting outcomes (PMBOK, 2013, p. 3). Because of these reasons

Effective Techniques for Good Problem Solution Essay Topics That You Can Use Immediately

Effective Techniques for Good Problem Solution Essay Topics That You Can Use Immediately Sometimes you receive the problem and you've got to state the issues. It's possible for you to discuss more than three in the event the issue is complex. Once you get your problem, you want to speak about it a tiny bit and persuade the reader's opinion that the problem should be resolved. Do not be worried about it until you'll be identifying your problem. Problem solution essay traditionally includes the way of solving all kinds of problem where the writer attempts to analyze some circumstance or issue, then he or she specifies a specific problem, and it's required to offer some type of solution or even several of them. To address a problem through writing isn't as simple as it sounds. The Gestalt approach to solving problems is that the remedy to a problem is dependent upon the way the issue is presented in his or her mind. How to Choose Good Problem Solution Essay Topics Every student ought to be expected to spend a minumum of one semester abroad to promote tolerance. Should you look around, you will observe social troubles that affect society each day. During the duration of your academic career, whether at school or university, you'll probably have to write a minumum of one problem solution essay. A problem solution essay seems to be something which not only college students may get assigned. The Little-Known Secrets to G ood Problem Solution Essay Topics What you need to do just to concentrate on the primary focus of this issue and create that focus thought the writing. There are several problem solution essay topics on the Internet that you just don't understand what to pick. You'll learn what an issue and solution essay is, where it is possible to get examples, what the ideal structure is, the significance of special topics, and just a list of 101 fresh issue and solution essay topics. The primary problem faced by poorer countries as a result of brain-drain, in fields like medicine and education, is that they'll struggle to come up with and find it challenging to boost their economy along with living conditions. Furthermore, you should be aware that you are able to ask our writers to finish a particular sample within your requirements. It is suggested to look for the one which has a very good reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. There are a lot of different hints that may make essays excellent. The issue and solution essay examples on the page will lead you on the very best approach that you ought to take for writing your paper. Identifying an issue and proposing one or more solutions ought to be a crucial component in your essay. Do not begin to think about a few big troubles, but attempt to choose something you're prepared to provide supporting statements about and convince the others of potential solutions offered for it. As a writer, you will need to produce lots of solutions to a specific issue. One involves identifying the issue and the other is offering a solution. There are additionally some descriptions so you might secure the fullest picture of what an amazing topic needs to be. As with other essays, people frequently discover that it's hard to choose a topic particularly when the instructor asks students to produce their own topics. Whenever you have so many topics to speak about, choose what you're passionate abou t and it'll be super-easy that you develop a considerable argument for it. The Fundamentals of Good Problem Solution Essay Topics Revealed The hardest task is to discover a great topic for your essay. The first thing you ought to consider when you get started writing an essay is the topic. When you're assigned to compose a problem-solution essay or research paper, picking a very good topic is the initial dilemma you must work out. Additionally, when writing an essay, additionally it is essential to think about selecting a topic that has a viable or practical solution. Allow the plan lead you on how you should compose your essay. Remember your essay is about solving problems, thus a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. To begin with, the prosperous essay requires to construct a handy structure. If you're feeling puzzled and confused not knowing what things to write about, have a peek at the most eye-catching issue and solution essay topics. If you own a topic provided already, click the order now button to file your request. If you don't have a thing to write about in regards to your essay it's an issue. Now you know how to compose a problem solution essay, it's time to chat about topics. Whatever the case, learning how to compose a problem solution essay the most suitable way is not quite as hard as you may think. The major idea of the Gestalt approach is to think about the issue holistica lly, as the entire thing. An effective outline will become your skeleton. The issue and solution essay writing procedure can be created easy when you've got a plan in mind. By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. In the opening, you will be necessary to paint a very clear picture of the issue. From the aforementioned example, you may be clear in regards to the issue solving essay. It's also advisable to try to check at the problem from different points of view. The Good Problem Solution Essay Topics Cover Up A superb problem solution essay is likely to propose a solution that may be put into place somewhat easily and will, clearly, solve the issue. You have to present the issue, identify why it's crucial, describe your solution and explain why it's the best one. Ultimately, you must select the solution that will be the absolute most effective for the issue. Given that an issue and solution essay is vital as a practical tool, not even a single goal that makes certain that the goal is achieved ought to be ignored.

Different words, different conception China English and Chinese English Free Essays

string(74) " and the standard of China English has always been intensively discussed\." Introduction The background of my writing In the past 50 years, English has become a global language. It’s widely used in international conferences, multinational companies and the Internet. According to the Cambridge University Press Statistics, there are 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 billion people living in the country which used English as its official language. There are also 1.2 billion to 1.5 billion people used English as their mother language. The globalization of English is a indisputable truth in the world in nowadays. More and more people studying English from pole to pole. But at the same time, the English in the process of globalization has also brought a wide range of nativization. Although the British English and American English is still the mainstream of global English, people found a number of English with regional characteristics appeared in the world, like Australia English, Singapore English, South Africa English and so on. Many linguist attention about this phenomenon and do the research in this area. In my opinion, this is a kind of culture shock, because there are many countries have their local language, so when English step into their life, there must be a kind of exchange between English and their local language appearance. In China, English also become more and more important in people’s life. For young people, speak English is an indispensable skill. And in all schools in China, no matter middle school or university, English is the most important subject for students. In China, you can hear two different words to describe the English: China English and Chinese English. They aren’t with the same means. What the different between themWhat’s the real conception of China English? China English is not Chinese English Chinese English is also a kind of English from China, lots of people called it Chinglish. But it’s not the emphasis that I want to study. Chinese English different from China English. The phrase â€Å"Chinese English† is listed in the book International English Usage authored By British scholar Todd and American scholar Hancock (1986) who expounds Chinese English in the aspects of phonology, lexicon and grammar. Chinese English originated from Chinese Pidgin English. Pidgin is the cultural production of colonization and semi-colonization. It forms during the course of the acquiring European languages by natives and also based on aboriginal languages. Chinese Pidgin English can be divided into four periods: Birth Stage (1715-1748) : It was started in Guangzhou and Macao Early Stage (1748-1842): It was in Guangzhou. Expanding Stage (1842-1890): It was widely use in Hong Kong and other trading ports. Declining Stage (1890-till now): The normal education of English became popular. The main places of using Chinese Pidgin English are Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai and trading ports. Such as: Ningbo, Wuhu, Beijing and so on. Chinese business men and servant used it for communication. At the beginning, it was used for service and trading business by lower class. But later, it appears in different situation, including higher class. The lexical and syntactic features of Chinese English Chinese English is a deformed language variant. The vocabulary can best interpret the features of Chinese English. As we all know, Chinese learners often collocate words wrongly. They are inclined to express or translate word by word, which will cause wrong expressions. For example, three piece book (three books), chow chow (means eat something) etc. Besides, the English words like see, watch, read and look at can all be translated into Chinese â€Å"?†, and may be used interchangeably. The situation of speak, say, and talk is similar. Phrases like â€Å"Can you say Chinese?† â€Å"I’m watching a book.† â€Å"Tomorrow I will look a movie.† may be produced. Syntax, as generally defined, is the study of how sentences are properly formed out of words of a language. The different of the thinking mode of Western people and Chinese directly show clearly in sentences formation in two languages. For example, 1: My go topside. He have go bottomside. I am going upstair. He has gone downstair. 2: Aftertoon my come. I’ll come in the afternoon. Speakers of Chinese English didn’t really understand English, but in order to communicate with foreigners, they had to use deformed English, which totally misused the vocabulary and grammar. For example, â€Å"change money† ( means odd change), â€Å"long time no see† (means I haven’t seen you for a long time). With the deepening of Chinese opening-up and reform, the number of English learners is steadily increasing. However, most of the learners have to â€Å"learn† rather than â€Å"acquire† the language by means of schooling, radio or TV programs or remedial courses. They are under the influence of Chinese Pidgin English. Lacking enough access to the English language and thinking mode. In consequence, the increasing number of English learners leads to more problems with Chinese English. Examples can best manifest it. There is funny story between a foreigner and his Chinese servant. The foreigner came home and found the glasses were broken, he asked his Chinese servant how did it break. The servant said in Chinese English:† Inside zhi-zhi-zhi, outside miao-miao-miao, glasses broken.† There is no English grammar and logic in his answer. The servant only use some words to describe how it happened. Another example of the same kind can explain the features of discourse in Chinese English. The boss of a British man asked his Chinese driver to buy tickets of a cinema. The driver came back and said:† People mountain people sea. Today no see, tomorrow see. Same see.† The appearance of China English In 1980, the famous Chinese linguist Ge Chuangui put forward the conception of â€Å"Chinese English† in his article Ramble the translation. He said:† No matter in old China or new China, Chinese people speak or write English always accompany the Chinese trait. Like â€Å"imperial examination () †, â€Å"imperial academy ()†, â€Å" May Fourth Movement ()† and so on. These words with Chinese regional culture, not belong to the western people, and they also never use them. † Since then, discussions about it have never stopped. The definition and the standard of China English has always been intensively discussed. You read "Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English" in category "Essay examples" A number of scholars have proposed their definitions of China English from their particular perspectives. China English has normative English as its core. Wang Rongpei holds that the definition of China English should cover t he following three points: China English is used by Chinese people in Chinese land China English has standard English as its core China English has Chinese features But another scholar named Li Wenzhong disagrees with Wang Rongpei’s definition of China English. Li Wenzhong (1993) maintains that China English is not only used in native China. He argues that quite a few Chinese borrowings have entered the English languages and become part of it by transliteration and loan translation, eg: tea, kowtow, Great Leap Forward and so on. Xie Zhijun is against Li Wenzhong’s point of view about China English. Xie holds that both China English and Chinese English have the Chinese influence existing in all the aspects of China English-lexical, syntactical and textual. On the basis of his argument, Xie makes his contribution to China English: China English is an interference English variety used by Chinese people in cross-culture communication; its interference is caused by the Chinese language, the way of Chinese thinking as well as Chinese culture. China English is based on normative English and is capable of entering the English languages. From the various definitions of China English, I can summarize some of the properties of China English. First, China English is the English used by the Chinese. â€Å"The linguistic and Cultural Identities of China English and the Application in Chinese† refers to the Chinese people as those who have grown up in Chinese social and cultural background to communicate with the English –speaking people. Second, it’s based on Standard English (it means English used by the Englishmen and Americans), that is , it’s in accord with the grammar of Standard English. Third, it is a transfer variety of English affected by Chinese culture. The lexical features of China English The lexical features of China English are mainly shown in the Chinese borrowings entering English. It takes Standard English as its core and the English language enriches itself by absorbing Chinese borrowed words. First, early in the 1800s, some words with Chinese unique features entered the English language. Quite a lot of words and phrases in China English are directly transliterated from Chinese Putonghua and other dialects especially Cantonese. The examples are classified as follows: About history and culture: like, zhongju (), yamen () etc. About recreation and local sports: like, Erhu (), Kongfu(),Taichi (), Mahjong() etc. About food, clothing, shelter and transportation:like, Cheongsam (),Chowmein (),Tea(?),Ginseng (),etc. About local conditions and customs: like, fengshui (), Kowtow ()etc. About geographical names Inner Mongolia (), Lhasa (), Hong Kong ()etc. About measurement units: like, Yuan (?),Jiao (?), Mu (?) etc. Second, after Chinese reform and opening-up, the total number of Chinese borrowings in English increased rapidly. These Chinese Phrases in English are translated by means of word-by-word translation. Below are some examples: About Chinese history and culture: like Four Books and Five Classics (),paper tiger (),lefetist (), Gang of Four () etc. About Chinese reform and opening-up program: like, laid-off workers (), Four modernizations (),one China policy (), reform and opening-up (),one country, two systems () etc. The characteristics of the China English are unavoidable mainly because of the way of Chinese thinking and its traditional culture. This shows that one’s accomplishment of the language acquisition makes the formation of one’s thinking model. Chinese speakers have acquired their mother tongue and have formed the way of Chinese thinking before they study English. Therefore, the way of Chinese thinking must have a great influence on learning another way of thinking. So the Chinese characteristics inevitably exist in the English expressions created by Chinese people. On the other hand, social linguists hold that a nation’s culture is unique. Chinese people are according in their element when expressing Chinese culture in Chinese language, but are clumsy at doing it in English language. A foreign language serves the function of a bridge in the import and export of the culture. Foreign cultures, when introduced into China, should be understood by Chinese people. Similarly, Chinese culture, when exported to foreign countries, should be understood by foreigners. Consequently, China English, on the basis of normative English, should bear Chinese characteristics; otherwise, it cannot surmount the difficulties resulting from the expression of the two different cultures. Finally, China English is evolved from two sources: Native speakers’ description/accounts of Chinese society and culture Chinese accounts on ourselves and the world in English. It’s an English variety that is saturated with Chinese culture and some characteristics of Han language. It’s based on Standard English and shares idiomatic useage of world English. It helps to spread Chinese unique culture such as in words, phrases, syntax, cognitive style, figures of speech, literary style and discourse structure. Conclusion In conclusion, Chinglish and China English are both related and distinguishable. On one hand, both of them are to put across the unique things in China and thus have Chinese features. On the other hand, with new vocabulary and structure, China English is normative English and it will increase its strength with further publicity to the outside world while Chinglish is improper use of English due to poor knowledge to the English language and culture and shall according hinder the communication with other cultures. In future, Chinglish will probably diminish or even disappear with the deepening of culture communication between China and other countries. We should avoid the deformed used of English Variety-Chinglish, and maintain the effective way of using China English. China English is exiting objectively. As the rejuvenation of China, the output of Chinese culture is becoming more and more important. China English is not enough to become national variety, it’s the absolutely necessary of the world English acting as the supplementary of standard English. Chinese English is the result of ignoring or misunderstanding of British culture and custom. So Chinese English is not equal to the China English. It can be the interlanguage of learning English, but not the taget language of interculture exchange. These two words just with three letters difference, but they stand for two conceptions, also two kinds of attitude. Bibliography BoltonKingsley (2002), Chinese English: from Canton jargon to global English, Worm Englishes Joan Pinkham (2000), The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing Barber.C.L (1972), The Story of Language, Pan Books, London Todd. L.L.Hancock,1986, International English Usage, New York University Press, New York Chen Dingan (1998), The translation of English to Chinese, China Translation and Publishing Corporation Press, Beijing Ge Chuangui (1986), Ramble the translation Jin Huikang (2004), China English, The foreign language teaching publishing press, Beijing http://www.51lunwen.com/language/2010/0413/lw201004130850416388.html http://wuxizazhi.cnki.net/CNKIVIEW/OnlineView1.aspx?filename=DYXT200807031*55-56*TOTAL*2uid= http://www.my1510.cn/article.php?id=5756ee55ad74c151 http://baike.baidu.com/view/300085.htm How to cite Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English, Essay examples

Marriage in Al

Introduction The current world order and its inherent values are largely contrary to traditional cultural values. Many of the traditional values are under scrutiny with youths advocating for redefinition of what was formerly taken for granted. Globalization as a phenomenon means there is higher interaction between cultures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage in Al-Khobar specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The traditional cultures and values that characterized societal norms are under great pressure. In many people’s eyes, some values advocated by our forefathers are archaic and not practical in our time. Alkhobar is largely Islamic; Islamic teachings, just like the teachings of other many religions, are threatened with corrosive effects of a liberal global culture. The institution of marriage has not been spared; the youths’ approach or attitude to marriage is largely different from traditional conceptions. This report explores issues related to marriage in Alkhobar City. The report is based on observations I made after questioning fellow students, friends and relatives. I strongly relied on social networks to gather the data that informs this report. The report is also informed by secondary sources on marriage that I went through to clarify certain observations. Definition of Marriage Marriage is generally defined as union between a man and a woman. Two people of different sexes come together in a formally recognized union. In the western countries, some legislation recognizes the union of same sex people as marriage. This is highly questionable and is overly condemned by religious leaders. Purpose and Importance of Marriage The main purpose of marriage according to Islamic teaching is widening the Islamic nation through building family or procreation (Cornell, 57). It is believed that marriage brings peace and tranquility as it enables meeting of one’s physical, s ocial and psychological needs. Therefore, marriage is important because it is a precondition to the formation of a family. Moreover, it contributes in a big way to man and woman finding peace and tranquility in this world (Garry, 13). The family is the basic unit or society around which society takes shape. Without marriage, family would not be possible and consequently society. In marriage, man and woman properly channel their physical needs. In this institution, they are able to take responsibility for their actions. The greatest responsibility that comes with a man and a woman coming together is the possibility of offspring. When biological needs of men and women are channeled within the context of marriage, in case of offspring, proper care is possible.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, in marriage, men and women find emotional as well as mental support. Within the context of marriage, man and woman become family and support each other as one unit. Through worse and good, they share and stand by each other. They share and discuss issues thus coming up with better ways of responding to challenges in this world. Companionship is a great aspect of marriage life. A marriage partner is a companion that one shares with and works with on given life assignments. It has to be noted that avoiding marriage often leads to bad ills in society. Some people die of loneliness especially once they begin to age. For example, a lady who has been living a high life and avoiding marriage is likely to find self not attracting much attention once she is in late thirties or forties. Living a single life may appear cool and full of freedom but it has its consequences (Garry, 20). It often means dealing with people who are only interested in fulfilling their lust and moving on. It also means not having any committed partner to rely on in hard times. Modern Attitudes to wards Marriage In the traditional days, marriage was a given and men and women married as they wished as long as they had enough wealth. In our times, some people seem not to be very keen on marriage. I posed the question to fellow friends on whether marriage is cool and I got very mixed reactions. From the responses, it appears like many young people are not very enthusiastic about getting married or marrying. Young people think that marriage is too demanding and does not work. The liberal ideologies of the west seem to have found way into our colleges and universities. People are beginning to tend to think that freedom is an absolute. Can man or woman be totally free? Can we think of freedom without responsibility? Unfortunately, freedom always goes hand in hand with responsibilities. Types or forms of Marriage Most marriages in Alkhobar tend towards a one man, one woman kind of setting or relationship. It is not just in Alkhobar, it is generally accepted around the world that one man, one woman is the most desirable kind of marriage. However, it is interesting to note that there are also many polygamous families here in Alkhobar and around the world. I understand very well that Islamic teaching does not prohibit polygamy. There are some people that believe polygamy is a solution to many unfaithfulness related problems in marriages. However, the young people I interacted with are not by any chance interested in polygamy. Among youngsters, polygamy is understood as being degrading for the women. Secondly, due to many life challenges due to changing socio-economic factors, polygamy is untenable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage in Al-Khobar specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The anti-polygamy wave is largely understood by traditionalist thinkers in Alkhobar as being a western influence. Those who support polygamy understand monogamous arrangements as mere perpetuations of western val ues. The pro-polygamy campaigners argue that the ratio of women to men is high. Through polygamy all women can find a husband. Secondly, pro-polygamy campaigners argue that by such an arrangement, extra-marital affairs will be reduced. In response to this assertion, the anti-polygamist point out that not all men can attend satisfactorily to many wives. If the women’s needs are not fully met, they turn to other men thus perpetuating unfaithfulness. The pro-polygamist also argue that through such like an arrangement, widows and orphans can find maintainers and provider. Such an argument relies on the thinking that men are supposed to be providers and protectors in the family. Unfortunately or fortunately, in the modern family, the gender roles have undergone significant transformation. The roles of providing and protecting are no longer, solely, a man’s roles. Many women can work and thus provide for their families. Dating Dating is a new phenomenon in the Arab world whi ch is widely accepted and approved by younger generations. In traditional days, individuals did not engage in any form of romance until when married. In some instances, individuals only came to know of their spouses on the wedding day. Times have changed and young people these days have access to all sorts of information. From adolescence onwards, teens are keen on love related stories and episodes. Most of the young people I interacted with while investigating this subject understand fully well what dating is. My observations from general society are that Alkhobar is still conservative in its values about marriage, family and the expression of love. However, new conceptions of love are surely taking root. The new conception stipulates that love is something to be explored before it matures. The old conception was that love is ordained by God. When it comes to marriages, love was not emphasized but rather the purpose and divine ordination of the institution. Slowly, marriage as a co venant ordained by God is giving way. Many young people do not take marriage as being covenantal or as binding as it was traditionally believed; marriage is seen more as a mere contract that can be broken if it is not working. In our world of today, youths tend towards exploring and experimenting before settling down. As Jones and Wilson (350) explain, dating is taken as a crucial aspect or stage leading to marriage. Dating has also changed gradually all over the world. A date for young people is not just about going to some movie together or playing together or reading together.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to proliferation of romantic literature, even youngsters want to play prince and princess charming with each other. From my interactions with fellow friends, I realize that many youths want to go all the way and even explore sex on dates. The trend is a little alarming for those who believe in sex outside marriage being a sin. It is also very discomforting because all caution is thrown to the wind by people who fear responsibility; the reason why they do not want to commit to marriage. Are premarital relationships necessary or unnecessary? This is a question for debate and it is a hot debate among scholars and religious leaders. Jones and Wilson (355-380) describe dating scenarios across the globe. From what they present it is clear that dating is accepted and encouraged worldwide. My interaction with fellow young people in Alkhobar city informs me that some engage in premarital relationships and a majority support dating. What is crucial is for each individual to understand wha t difference dating makes. Personally, I am convinced that dating has many benefits if approached responsibly. Responsible dating would mean individuals knowing their boundaries and appreciating need for respecting each other. Forced and Early Marriages A report based on a research by Dr. Shawky Milaat (1) indicates that 27% of marriages in Jeddah are early marriages. The report relates that early forced marriages are not just an exceptional case but a common practice in Saudi Arabia. I am sure, among us, we know many individuals who have been married off before their sixteenth birthday. Early marriage refers to the marrying off of young girls before at least age sixteen. It is a pity that some traditionalist parents still force their children into marriage. Arranged marriages are still a norm across the Arab World (Makki, 115). Here in Alkhobar there have been many cases of forced marriages. An arranged marriage is not necessarily a forced marriage. If a marriage is arranged and t he boy and girl consent to it as adults, it makes sense. What doesn’t make sense is case where against a child’s will (especially the girls) parents marry them off, sometimes to older men in society. In Islamic tradition, it is taught that a man has to seek the agreement of both the parents and the girl to a marriage (Cornell, 58). It is taught that silence from a girl whose consent has been sought implies acceptance. The teaching makes sense; it does not permit the forcing of a girl to get married if she has reservations and has communicated them. Many parents force their children into marriage so that they are paid dowry. This is against Islamic teaching because a parent is not permitted to use dowry paid on a child without the child’s permission or authorization. Temporal Marriages Come we stay or temporal marriages have for long been practiced around the world. In this kind of marriage, two individuals agree to live together exercising roles of husband and w ife for some time. Many agree to such an arrangement to gauge if they can live comfortably live as husband and wife or not. From the people I have interacted with, this kind of marriage is not practiced in Alkhobar. However, some of the visitors that come to Alkhobar are not formally married. Moreover, with social change due to western influence sweeping over most cultures around the world, it would not be surprising that future generations may tend towards this kind of arrangement. Temporal marriages were practiced among Arabs before conversion to Islam (Cornell, 127). Islam, like Christianity, aims at removing any ancient practices that do not serve the common good or the interest of individuals in the long run. Islam forbid temporal marriages and stipulates that men should marry a girl only after receiving the blessings of the girl’s parents (Nasr, 87). In any marriage there ought to be a trustee and at least two witnesses. Sex as per the Islamic faith is only permissible with ones duly or properly married wife. Sex in temporal marriage would be interpreted as fornication. The major factor that makes people to tend towards temporal marriages is expediency. People want to loose their cake and have it at the same time. Fear of commitment due to economic and general lifestyle issues lead people into preferring temporal arrangements. Unfortunately, the temporal arrangements end up not serving the needs of both partners. In often cases, it is the women that end up used and dumped by the men. Rather than treating each other with the respect that befits husband and wife, people in temporal arrangements treat each other as experimental objects. Their transitory nature means that individuals are not able to seriously focus on developmental issues as a couple. Why would one want to involve the partner fully if the arrangement is only temporal? Recommendations and Conclusion It has been established that there are general changes on perceptions or conceptions on marriage. The shift has been occasioned partly by globalization and changing economic circumstances (Nasr, 17). Globalization has facilitated closer interaction between cultures. The western culture which is more liberal is most appealing to youths than the traditional Arabic culture that is based on Islamic teaching. The shift to more liberal outlooks is both positive and alarming. There is a general perception among young people that traditional values are primitive and archaic (Nasr, 8). However, a closer inspection reveals that the traditional view points have some logical rationale that grounds them. Therefore, I would recommend creation of forums and programs that enable youths to discuss issues to do with family and marriage openly. The youths seem not to be keen about marriage. Rather than looking at marriage as a burden, people in authority should devise ways of educating young people about the purpose and beauty of marriage. Old customs that are not supportive to general wellbeing of individuals in this century ought to be revised. To identify the old customs that are not longer serving a good purpose, I recommend more tolerance and dialogue in the populace of Alkhobar city. Tolerance and dialogue can be nurtured and developed, if our leaders develop the will and interest. Works Cited Cornell, J. Vincent. Voices of Islam: Voices Of Life: Family, Home, and Society Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. Dr. Shawky, Sherine, and Milaat Waleed. Cumulative Impact of Early Maternal Marital Age during the Childbearing Period. 1999. Wiley and son, Inc. 30th December, 2009. Web. Gary, Thomas. Sacred Marriage: What If God Designed Marriage to Make Us Holy More Than to Make Us Happy? Michigan: Zondervan, 2002. Jones, Judy, and Wilson William. An Incomplete Education: 3,684 Things You Should Have Learned But Probably Didn’t. 3rd Ed. New York: Ballantine Books, 2006. Makki, M. S. Medina, Saudi Arabia: A Geographic Analysis of the City and Region  UK: Avebury , 1982. Nasr, Hossein, Seyyed. The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity  UK: Harper Collins, 2004. This essay on Marriage in Al-Khobar was written and submitted by user Esteban Henderson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.