Phases of Project Management Cycle - 4209 Words

INTRODUCTION Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing, and managing resources to achieve specific goals. A project is a temporary endeavour with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. Project Management is the skills, tools and management processes required to undertake a project successfully. It incorporates: †¢ A set of skills: Specialist knowledge, skills and experience are required to reduce the level of risk within a project and thereby enhance its likelihood of success. †¢ A suite of tools: Various types of tools are used by†¦show more content†¦A major contributor to this phenomenon is that the cost of changes and error correction generally increases as the project continues. In general, the project life cycle consists of four phases: †¢ Project Initiation †¢ Project Planning †¢ Project Execution †¢ Project Closure In few cases, monitoring and control is taken as a separate phase which comes after the project execution phase. PROJECT INITIATION The first phase of a project is the initiation phase and essentially involves starting up the project. The project is initiated by defining its purpose and scope, the justification for initiating it and the solution to be implemented. This phase also involves recruiting a suitably skilled project team, setting up a project office environment and performing a phase review before proceeding to the next phase of the project management life cycle: project planning. Activities of project initiation The project initiation phase involves the following six key steps: †¢ Develop a business case In most businesses, completing a business case is the first step towards initiating a project. The business case justifies the start-up of the project and describes the - Business problem (or opportunity) that currently exists in the business. - Alternative options for delivering a solution to resolve the problem. -Show MoreRelatedProject Management Paper-Mgt 4371100 Words   |  5 PagesProject Management Paper Manuel Angel Cortez University of Phoenix Project Management Paper Organizations leaders are facing difficult challenges because of the rapid changes in government and technology, which has created pressure in organizations. The aforementioned changes have made way for a new type of management; project management, far different from the traditional structure for managing. This document will describe the definition of a project. The paper will also touch basis on theRead MoreProject Management: An Initiative Toward Development of Employees and the Company1052 Words   |  5 Pages Project Management Paper University of Phoenix MGT/437 Project Management Paper Rapid growth of technology in the marketplace has companies examining ways in which businesses operate on a normal level. Managers face challenges with the task of adapting to a changing surroundings and a different breed of employees. Managers must implement a different approach that will allow them to become accustomed to situations that develop inside and outside of the company (Kerzner, 2006). ProjectRead MoreProject Management Life Cycle1720 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management Life Cycle The Project Management Life Cycle (PMLC) addresses the project management needs for all systems development projects. It is applicable to new system development projects and to maintenance projects for existing systems. What is a Project Management Life Cycle? A system development project is a set of activities that starts and ends at identifiable points in time and that produces quantifiable and qualifiable deliverables. Projects are staffed by people using processesRead MorePerformance1552 Words   |  7 PagesTHE MEANING OF PROJECT: A project is a unique venture with specific start and end dates. This is different from an ongoing task that doesnt have an end date. Projects often involve different parts of an organization. Constraints on project include cost, schedule, resources, and quality. There is a give and take between these items i.e. you cant have it all. Usually projects are divisible into stages or phases each with their own set of priorities and goals. A project is an important and carefullyRead MorePmbok Chapter 2 Summary1192 Words   |  5 Pages09533699 Summary of chapter two Project life cycle and organisation 12/09/12 4BCM1 Headings: 1. Project life cycle 2. Projects V. Operational work 3. Stakeholders 4. Organizational Influences on Project Management Project life cycle and organisation: The life cycle structure can be broken down into four headings. * Starting the project * Organizing the project * Carrying out the project work * Closing the project The above chart shows time againstRead MoreProject Management Life Cycle1218 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Project Management Life Cycle Chi Zhang Herzing University MBA 631 Operations and Projects Management Dr. Gary Hanney Abstract To control the process of a project and manage the operation of a project, the theory of project management life cycle is widely used in nowadays business administration. Treating the whole time dimension of the project as a life cycle, project management life cycle separates the project to some steps and uses checkpoint, milestone andRead MoreEffective Quality Management And Risk Management874 Words   |  4 PagesIII. Effective Quality Management Although hundreds of management methods are developed, most research considers a non-holistic software quality management (SQM) viewpoint and focuses on development-phase-specific quality assurance (QA) methods and activities. To support SQM, we study effective quality management (EQM) to get acceptance of adequate product quality assurance activities by a minimum set of stakeholders, developers, customers, and users.[1] Value engineering (VE) is a method thatRead MorePMBOK guide defines TM as the â€Å"Use of available time and your own productivity along with the700 Words   |  3 Pagesand your own productivity along with the appropriate planning and management of the project schedule† highlighting the link between Time Management and productivity and its closely knit relationship to scope and cost areas. Max Wideman presents a wider definition for TM as the â€Å"function required to maintain appropriate allocation of time to the overall conduct of the project through the successive stages of its natural life-cycle, by means of the processes of time planning, time estimating, timeRead MoreProject : Project Management Life Cycle1221 Words   |  5 PagesProject Life Cycle Project Initiation, Project Planning, Project Execution and Project Termination are the four general areas of the project management life cycle. Before defining the project management life cycle one must first understand what a project is. â€Å"A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.† (PMI 2013, p. 3). There are companies and organizations that break down all undertakings to projects; however, it must be identified that althoughRead MoreProject Management : The Way A Project1454 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management The way a project is conducted can have a significant impact on the success (PMBOK, 2013, p. 1) and that is why best practices for project management are needed. A project’s goal is to create a product, service, or result, which can be tangible or intangible, but always needs to have a clear beginning and ending (PMBOK, 2013, p. 3). Even though every project is different and unique, all projects are created for long lasting outcomes (PMBOK, 2013, p. 3). Because of these reasons

Effective Techniques for Good Problem Solution Essay Topics That You Can Use Immediately

Effective Techniques for Good Problem Solution Essay Topics That You Can Use Immediately Sometimes you receive the problem and you've got to state the issues. It's possible for you to discuss more than three in the event the issue is complex. Once you get your problem, you want to speak about it a tiny bit and persuade the reader's opinion that the problem should be resolved. Do not be worried about it until you'll be identifying your problem. Problem solution essay traditionally includes the way of solving all kinds of problem where the writer attempts to analyze some circumstance or issue, then he or she specifies a specific problem, and it's required to offer some type of solution or even several of them. To address a problem through writing isn't as simple as it sounds. The Gestalt approach to solving problems is that the remedy to a problem is dependent upon the way the issue is presented in his or her mind. How to Choose Good Problem Solution Essay Topics Every student ought to be expected to spend a minumum of one semester abroad to promote tolerance. Should you look around, you will observe social troubles that affect society each day. During the duration of your academic career, whether at school or university, you'll probably have to write a minumum of one problem solution essay. A problem solution essay seems to be something which not only college students may get assigned. The Little-Known Secrets to G ood Problem Solution Essay Topics What you need to do just to concentrate on the primary focus of this issue and create that focus thought the writing. There are several problem solution essay topics on the Internet that you just don't understand what to pick. You'll learn what an issue and solution essay is, where it is possible to get examples, what the ideal structure is, the significance of special topics, and just a list of 101 fresh issue and solution essay topics. The primary problem faced by poorer countries as a result of brain-drain, in fields like medicine and education, is that they'll struggle to come up with and find it challenging to boost their economy along with living conditions. Furthermore, you should be aware that you are able to ask our writers to finish a particular sample within your requirements. It is suggested to look for the one which has a very good reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. There are a lot of different hints that may make essays excellent. The issue and solution essay examples on the page will lead you on the very best approach that you ought to take for writing your paper. Identifying an issue and proposing one or more solutions ought to be a crucial component in your essay. Do not begin to think about a few big troubles, but attempt to choose something you're prepared to provide supporting statements about and convince the others of potential solutions offered for it. As a writer, you will need to produce lots of solutions to a specific issue. One involves identifying the issue and the other is offering a solution. There are additionally some descriptions so you might secure the fullest picture of what an amazing topic needs to be. As with other essays, people frequently discover that it's hard to choose a topic particularly when the instructor asks students to produce their own topics. Whenever you have so many topics to speak about, choose what you're passionate abou t and it'll be super-easy that you develop a considerable argument for it. The Fundamentals of Good Problem Solution Essay Topics Revealed The hardest task is to discover a great topic for your essay. The first thing you ought to consider when you get started writing an essay is the topic. When you're assigned to compose a problem-solution essay or research paper, picking a very good topic is the initial dilemma you must work out. Additionally, when writing an essay, additionally it is essential to think about selecting a topic that has a viable or practical solution. Allow the plan lead you on how you should compose your essay. Remember your essay is about solving problems, thus a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. To begin with, the prosperous essay requires to construct a handy structure. If you're feeling puzzled and confused not knowing what things to write about, have a peek at the most eye-catching issue and solution essay topics. If you own a topic provided already, click the order now button to file your request. If you don't have a thing to write about in regards to your essay it's an issue. Now you know how to compose a problem solution essay, it's time to chat about topics. Whatever the case, learning how to compose a problem solution essay the most suitable way is not quite as hard as you may think. The major idea of the Gestalt approach is to think about the issue holistica lly, as the entire thing. An effective outline will become your skeleton. The issue and solution essay writing procedure can be created easy when you've got a plan in mind. By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. In the opening, you will be necessary to paint a very clear picture of the issue. From the aforementioned example, you may be clear in regards to the issue solving essay. It's also advisable to try to check at the problem from different points of view. The Good Problem Solution Essay Topics Cover Up A superb problem solution essay is likely to propose a solution that may be put into place somewhat easily and will, clearly, solve the issue. You have to present the issue, identify why it's crucial, describe your solution and explain why it's the best one. Ultimately, you must select the solution that will be the absolute most effective for the issue. Given that an issue and solution essay is vital as a practical tool, not even a single goal that makes certain that the goal is achieved ought to be ignored.

Different words, different conception China English and Chinese English Free Essays

string(74) " and the standard of China English has always been intensively discussed\." Introduction The background of my writing In the past 50 years, English has become a global language. It’s widely used in international conferences, multinational companies and the Internet. According to the Cambridge University Press Statistics, there are 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 billion people living in the country which used English as its official language. There are also 1.2 billion to 1.5 billion people used English as their mother language. The globalization of English is a indisputable truth in the world in nowadays. More and more people studying English from pole to pole. But at the same time, the English in the process of globalization has also brought a wide range of nativization. Although the British English and American English is still the mainstream of global English, people found a number of English with regional characteristics appeared in the world, like Australia English, Singapore English, South Africa English and so on. Many linguist attention about this phenomenon and do the research in this area. In my opinion, this is a kind of culture shock, because there are many countries have their local language, so when English step into their life, there must be a kind of exchange between English and their local language appearance. In China, English also become more and more important in people’s life. For young people, speak English is an indispensable skill. And in all schools in China, no matter middle school or university, English is the most important subject for students. In China, you can hear two different words to describe the English: China English and Chinese English. They aren’t with the same means. What the different between themWhat’s the real conception of China English? China English is not Chinese English Chinese English is also a kind of English from China, lots of people called it Chinglish. But it’s not the emphasis that I want to study. Chinese English different from China English. The phrase â€Å"Chinese English† is listed in the book International English Usage authored By British scholar Todd and American scholar Hancock (1986) who expounds Chinese English in the aspects of phonology, lexicon and grammar. Chinese English originated from Chinese Pidgin English. Pidgin is the cultural production of colonization and semi-colonization. It forms during the course of the acquiring European languages by natives and also based on aboriginal languages. Chinese Pidgin English can be divided into four periods: Birth Stage (1715-1748) : It was started in Guangzhou and Macao Early Stage (1748-1842): It was in Guangzhou. Expanding Stage (1842-1890): It was widely use in Hong Kong and other trading ports. Declining Stage (1890-till now): The normal education of English became popular. The main places of using Chinese Pidgin English are Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai and trading ports. Such as: Ningbo, Wuhu, Beijing and so on. Chinese business men and servant used it for communication. At the beginning, it was used for service and trading business by lower class. But later, it appears in different situation, including higher class. The lexical and syntactic features of Chinese English Chinese English is a deformed language variant. The vocabulary can best interpret the features of Chinese English. As we all know, Chinese learners often collocate words wrongly. They are inclined to express or translate word by word, which will cause wrong expressions. For example, three piece book (three books), chow chow (means eat something) etc. Besides, the English words like see, watch, read and look at can all be translated into Chinese â€Å"?†, and may be used interchangeably. The situation of speak, say, and talk is similar. Phrases like â€Å"Can you say Chinese?† â€Å"I’m watching a book.† â€Å"Tomorrow I will look a movie.† may be produced. Syntax, as generally defined, is the study of how sentences are properly formed out of words of a language. The different of the thinking mode of Western people and Chinese directly show clearly in sentences formation in two languages. For example, 1: My go topside. He have go bottomside. I am going upstair. He has gone downstair. 2: Aftertoon my come. I’ll come in the afternoon. Speakers of Chinese English didn’t really understand English, but in order to communicate with foreigners, they had to use deformed English, which totally misused the vocabulary and grammar. For example, â€Å"change money† ( means odd change), â€Å"long time no see† (means I haven’t seen you for a long time). With the deepening of Chinese opening-up and reform, the number of English learners is steadily increasing. However, most of the learners have to â€Å"learn† rather than â€Å"acquire† the language by means of schooling, radio or TV programs or remedial courses. They are under the influence of Chinese Pidgin English. Lacking enough access to the English language and thinking mode. In consequence, the increasing number of English learners leads to more problems with Chinese English. Examples can best manifest it. There is funny story between a foreigner and his Chinese servant. The foreigner came home and found the glasses were broken, he asked his Chinese servant how did it break. The servant said in Chinese English:† Inside zhi-zhi-zhi, outside miao-miao-miao, glasses broken.† There is no English grammar and logic in his answer. The servant only use some words to describe how it happened. Another example of the same kind can explain the features of discourse in Chinese English. The boss of a British man asked his Chinese driver to buy tickets of a cinema. The driver came back and said:† People mountain people sea. Today no see, tomorrow see. Same see.† The appearance of China English In 1980, the famous Chinese linguist Ge Chuangui put forward the conception of â€Å"Chinese English† in his article Ramble the translation. He said:† No matter in old China or new China, Chinese people speak or write English always accompany the Chinese trait. Like â€Å"imperial examination () †, â€Å"imperial academy ()†, â€Å" May Fourth Movement ()† and so on. These words with Chinese regional culture, not belong to the western people, and they also never use them. † Since then, discussions about it have never stopped. The definition and the standard of China English has always been intensively discussed. You read "Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English" in category "Essay examples" A number of scholars have proposed their definitions of China English from their particular perspectives. China English has normative English as its core. Wang Rongpei holds that the definition of China English should cover t he following three points: China English is used by Chinese people in Chinese land China English has standard English as its core China English has Chinese features But another scholar named Li Wenzhong disagrees with Wang Rongpei’s definition of China English. Li Wenzhong (1993) maintains that China English is not only used in native China. He argues that quite a few Chinese borrowings have entered the English languages and become part of it by transliteration and loan translation, eg: tea, kowtow, Great Leap Forward and so on. Xie Zhijun is against Li Wenzhong’s point of view about China English. Xie holds that both China English and Chinese English have the Chinese influence existing in all the aspects of China English-lexical, syntactical and textual. On the basis of his argument, Xie makes his contribution to China English: China English is an interference English variety used by Chinese people in cross-culture communication; its interference is caused by the Chinese language, the way of Chinese thinking as well as Chinese culture. China English is based on normative English and is capable of entering the English languages. From the various definitions of China English, I can summarize some of the properties of China English. First, China English is the English used by the Chinese. â€Å"The linguistic and Cultural Identities of China English and the Application in Chinese† refers to the Chinese people as those who have grown up in Chinese social and cultural background to communicate with the English –speaking people. Second, it’s based on Standard English (it means English used by the Englishmen and Americans), that is , it’s in accord with the grammar of Standard English. Third, it is a transfer variety of English affected by Chinese culture. The lexical features of China English The lexical features of China English are mainly shown in the Chinese borrowings entering English. It takes Standard English as its core and the English language enriches itself by absorbing Chinese borrowed words. First, early in the 1800s, some words with Chinese unique features entered the English language. Quite a lot of words and phrases in China English are directly transliterated from Chinese Putonghua and other dialects especially Cantonese. The examples are classified as follows: About history and culture: like, zhongju (), yamen () etc. About recreation and local sports: like, Erhu (), Kongfu(),Taichi (), Mahjong() etc. About food, clothing, shelter and transportation:like, Cheongsam (),Chowmein (),Tea(?),Ginseng (),etc. About local conditions and customs: like, fengshui (), Kowtow ()etc. About geographical names Inner Mongolia (), Lhasa (), Hong Kong ()etc. About measurement units: like, Yuan (?),Jiao (?), Mu (?) etc. Second, after Chinese reform and opening-up, the total number of Chinese borrowings in English increased rapidly. These Chinese Phrases in English are translated by means of word-by-word translation. Below are some examples: About Chinese history and culture: like Four Books and Five Classics (),paper tiger (),lefetist (), Gang of Four () etc. About Chinese reform and opening-up program: like, laid-off workers (), Four modernizations (),one China policy (), reform and opening-up (),one country, two systems () etc. The characteristics of the China English are unavoidable mainly because of the way of Chinese thinking and its traditional culture. This shows that one’s accomplishment of the language acquisition makes the formation of one’s thinking model. Chinese speakers have acquired their mother tongue and have formed the way of Chinese thinking before they study English. Therefore, the way of Chinese thinking must have a great influence on learning another way of thinking. So the Chinese characteristics inevitably exist in the English expressions created by Chinese people. On the other hand, social linguists hold that a nation’s culture is unique. Chinese people are according in their element when expressing Chinese culture in Chinese language, but are clumsy at doing it in English language. A foreign language serves the function of a bridge in the import and export of the culture. Foreign cultures, when introduced into China, should be understood by Chinese people. Similarly, Chinese culture, when exported to foreign countries, should be understood by foreigners. Consequently, China English, on the basis of normative English, should bear Chinese characteristics; otherwise, it cannot surmount the difficulties resulting from the expression of the two different cultures. Finally, China English is evolved from two sources: Native speakers’ description/accounts of Chinese society and culture Chinese accounts on ourselves and the world in English. It’s an English variety that is saturated with Chinese culture and some characteristics of Han language. It’s based on Standard English and shares idiomatic useage of world English. It helps to spread Chinese unique culture such as in words, phrases, syntax, cognitive style, figures of speech, literary style and discourse structure. Conclusion In conclusion, Chinglish and China English are both related and distinguishable. On one hand, both of them are to put across the unique things in China and thus have Chinese features. On the other hand, with new vocabulary and structure, China English is normative English and it will increase its strength with further publicity to the outside world while Chinglish is improper use of English due to poor knowledge to the English language and culture and shall according hinder the communication with other cultures. In future, Chinglish will probably diminish or even disappear with the deepening of culture communication between China and other countries. We should avoid the deformed used of English Variety-Chinglish, and maintain the effective way of using China English. China English is exiting objectively. As the rejuvenation of China, the output of Chinese culture is becoming more and more important. China English is not enough to become national variety, it’s the absolutely necessary of the world English acting as the supplementary of standard English. Chinese English is the result of ignoring or misunderstanding of British culture and custom. So Chinese English is not equal to the China English. It can be the interlanguage of learning English, but not the taget language of interculture exchange. These two words just with three letters difference, but they stand for two conceptions, also two kinds of attitude. Bibliography BoltonKingsley (2002), Chinese English: from Canton jargon to global English, Worm Englishes Joan Pinkham (2000), The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing Barber.C.L (1972), The Story of Language, Pan Books, London Todd. L.L.Hancock,1986, International English Usage, New York University Press, New York Chen Dingan (1998), The translation of English to Chinese, China Translation and Publishing Corporation Press, Beijing Ge Chuangui (1986), Ramble the translation Jin Huikang (2004), China English, The foreign language teaching publishing press, Beijing http://www.51lunwen.com/language/2010/0413/lw201004130850416388.html http://wuxizazhi.cnki.net/CNKIVIEW/OnlineView1.aspx?filename=DYXT200807031*55-56*TOTAL*2uid= http://www.my1510.cn/article.php?id=5756ee55ad74c151 http://baike.baidu.com/view/300085.htm How to cite Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English, Essay examples